A risk score for predicting death in COVID-19 in-hospital infection: A Brazilian single-center study.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of information about Brazilian COVID-19 in-hospital mortality probability of death combining risk factors. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to correlate COVID-19 Brazilian in-hospital patients' mortality to demographic aspects, biomarkers, tomographic, echocardiographic findings, and clinical events. METHODS: A prospective study, single tertiary center in Brazil, consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We analyzed the data from 111 patients from March to August 2020, performed a complete transthoracic echocardiogram, chest thoracic tomographic (CT) studies, collected biomarkers and correlated to in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients: 67 ± 17 years old, 65 (58.5%) men, 29 (26%) presented with systemic arterial hypertension, 18 (16%) with diabetes, 11 (9.9%) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There was need for intubation and mechanical ventilation of 48 (43%) patients, death occurred in 21/111 (18.9%) patients. Multiple logistic regression models correlated variables with mortality: age (OR: 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.12; p: 0.012; age >74 YO AUC ROC curve: 0.725), intubation need (OR: 23.35; 95% CI 4.39-124.36; p < 0.001), D dimer (OR: 1.39; 95% CI 1.02-1.89; p: 0.036; value >1928.5 ug/L AUC ROC curve: 0.731), C-reactive protein (OR: 1.18; 95% CI 1.05-1.32; p < 0.005; value >29.35 mg/dl AUC ROC curve: 0.836). A risk score was created to predict intrahospital probability of death, by the equation: 3.6 (age >75 YO) + 66 (intubation need) + 28 (C-reactive protein >29) + 2.2 (D dimer >1900). CONCLUSIONS: A novel and original risk score were developed to predict the probability of death in Covid 19 in-hospital patients concerning combined risk factors.

Avaliação dos Parâmetros de Deformação Miocárdica pelo Ecocardiograma Tridimensional e Speckle Tracking em Atletas Competitivos / Evaluation of Strain Parameters by Three Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Competitive Athletes

Introdução: A ecocardiografia é fundamental na distinção entre adaptações fisiológicas promovidas pela atividade física e alterações patológicas. O ecocardiograma tridimensional com speckle tracking (3DSTeco) poderia mostrar-se acurado para a detecção de alterações subclínicas da função cardíaca. Objetivos: Determinar o efeito do exercício nos parâmetros da deformação miocárdica em atletas, por meio do 3DSTeco. Método: Realizado ecocardiograma convencional, ecocardiograma tridimensional (3Deco) e 3DSTeco em boxeadores de elite, para análise dos volumes do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), índice de massa indexada à superfície corpórea (IMISC), fração de ejeção (FE), strain global longitudinal (GLS), strain global circunferencial (GCS), strain global radial (GRS), twist, torção e área tracking. Estes dados foram comparados com medidas efetuadas em indivíduos controle não treinados. Resultados: Analisados 16 atletas e 14 controles, com idade (23 ± 4 vs 21 ± 4 anos; p = NS) e sexo (14 vs 12 homens) similares. A FE do VE foi normal e semelhante nos 2 grupos. O IMISC foi maior nos atletas (83 ± 21 vs 65 ± 15 g/m²; p < 0,05), assim como o GRS (24,7 ± 5.2 vs 16.3 ± 7.2; p = 0.007). Não houve diferença significativa para os demais parâmetros como GCS (-26 ± 2 vs -28 ± 6), GLS (-16 ± 2 vs -17 ± 3), twist (3.1 ± 1.3 vs 3.7 ± 1.9), torção (2.0 ± 0.8 vs 1.4 ± 0.4) e área tracking (37 ± 4 vs 41 ± 6). Conclusão: Atletas e indivíduos não treinados apresentam parâmetros de deformação miocárdica comparáveis pelo 3DSTeco, contudo, um incremento do GRS foi observado apenas nos atletas. O 3DSTeco poderia auxiliar na detecção precoce de alterações cardíacas subclínicas em atletas

Introduction: Echocardiography is fundamental in the distinction between physiological adaptations promoted by physical activity and pathological abnormalities. Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3D-STE) could prove accurate in detecting subclinical abnormalities in cardiac function. Objectives: To determine the effect of exercise on the parameters of myocardial strain in athletes through 3D STE. Method: Elite boxers underwent conventional three-dimensional echocardiography (3D-echo) and 3D-STE to analyze left ventricular (LV) volumes, left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area (LVMIBSA), ejection fraction (EF), longitudinal global strain (LGS), circumferential global strain (CGS), radial global strain (RGS), twist, torsion and tracking area. These data were compared with measurements performed on untrained control individuals. Results: The analyses included 16 athletes and 14 controls with similar age (23 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 4 years; p = NS) and gender (14 vs. 12 males). LVEF was normal and similar in the 2 groups. LVMIBSA was higher in the athletes (83 ± 21 vs. 65 ± 15 g/m², p < 0.05), as well as RGS (24.7 ± 5.2 vs. 16.3 ± 7.2; p = 0.007). There was no significant difference for the other parameters, such as CGS (-26 ± 2 vs. -28 ± 6), LGS (-16 ± 2 vs. -17 ± 3), twist (3.1 ± 1.3 vs. 3.7 ± 1.9), torsion (2.0 ± 0.8 vs. 1.4 ± 0.4) and tracking area (37 ± 4 vs. 41 ± 6). Conclusion: Athletes and untrained individuals have comparable myocardial strain parameters on 3D-STE. However, an increase in RGS was observed only in the athletes. 3D-STE could help in the early detection of subclinical cardiac issues in athletes

Prevalência de sintomas e lesões osteoarticulares em ecocardiografistas / Prevalence of symptoms and osteoarticular lesions on Brazilian echocardiographers

Síntomas y lesiones articulares y neuromusculares (SLANM) pueden ocurrir por esfuerzo repetitivo, con elevada prevalencia en técnicos en ecocardiografía. La prevalencia de los SLANM diagnosticados aun es desconocida en ecocardiografistas brasileños. Objetivo:Evaluar la prevalencia de SLANM en cardiólogos brasileños relacionada al trabajo como ecocardiografistas. Métodos: Médicos asociados al Departamento de Imagen Cardiovascular fueron invitados a responder preguntas relacionadas al perfil antropométrico, de trabajo como ecocardiografista, y SLANM. La comparación entre los participantes con (grupo 1) y sin SLANM (grupo 2) fue hecha con el test t no pareado para variables continuas y con Chi-cuadrado para categóricas. Fueron considerados significativos valores de p <0,05. Resultados: De junio de 2014 a junio de 2015, 474 respondieron el cuestionario; de esos, 311 fueron válidos; 248 (80%) fueron del grupo1 (45 ± 9,2 años; 48% mujeres) y 63 (20%), del grupo 2 (43 ± 9,8 años; 29% mujeres). En el grupo 1, el tiempo medio de aparición de los SLANM fue de 6,8 ± 5,3 años a partir del entrenamiento como ecocardiografista; 144(58%) procuraron atención; 126 (88%) requirieron tratamiento; 51 (35%) necesitaron apartamiento temporal; y 5(4%), de cirugía. Los SLANM fueron más frecuentes en los hombros y en los profesionales con más de 10 años de trabajo como ecocardiografista (65%); en el grupo 2 había menos mujeres (p = 0,009). No hubo diferencia entre los grupos en relación a las medidas antropométricas, miembro superior utilizado para el examen (p = 0,25), número de exámenes por semana(p = 0,49), o práctica de actividades físicas(p = 0,91).Conclusión:La prevalencia de SLANM en ecocardiografistas brasileños parece ser elevada. Las mujeres y los profesionales con más de 10 años de ecocardiografía parecen más susceptible.

Introduction: Joint and neuromuscular injuries and symptoms (JNIS) may occur due to repetitive strain, with high prevalence in echocardiography technicians. The prevalence of diagnosed JNIS remains unknown in Brazilian echocardiographers. Objective: Evaluate the prevalence of JNIS in Brazilian cardiologists related to their work as echocardiographers. Methods: Physicians from the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging were asked to answer a questionnaire about their anthropometric profile, their work as echocardiographers, and JNIS. Participants with JNIS (group 1) and without JNIS (group 2) were analyzed as follows: a comparison of continuous variables was made by the unpaired t-test, and a comparison of categorical variables was made by a chi-square test. P values were considered significant if <0.05. Results: From June 2014 to June 2015, 474 answered the questionnaire; of these, 311 were valid; 248 (80%) were in group 1 (45 ± 9.2 years; 48%women) and 63 (20%) in group 2 (43 ± 9.8 years; 29% women). In group 1, the mean time to the onset of JNIS was 6.8 ± 5.3 years as from the start of echocardiography training; 144 (58%) sought care; 126 (88%) required treatment; 51 (35%) required temporary leave; and 5 (4%) underwentsurgery. JNIS were more common on shoulders and in professionals with more than 10 years working as echocardiographers (65%); group 2 had fewer women (p = 0.009). There was no difference between groups in relation to anthropometric measurements; test criteria: upper limb used for the exam(p = 0.25), number of exams per week (p = 0.49), or physical activity (p = 0.91). Conclusion: The prevalence of JNIS in Brazilian echocardiographers seems to be high. Women and professionals with over 10-years’ experience in echocardiography seem more susceptible.

Limitações do Doppler tecidual na avaliação da função diastólica em idosos / Tissue doppler imaging limitations for evaluating the diastolic function in elderly people / Limitaciones del doppler tisular en la evaluación de la función diastólica en añosos

Fundamento: O Doppler tecidual é uma técnica que complementa a análise da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. No entanto, alguns fatores podem influenciar suas medidas, entre estes a idade, cuja contribuição não está adequadamente esclarecida.Objetivo: Comparar o comportamento dos índices de função diastólica derivados do Doppler tecidual em indivíduos idosos hipertensos e não hipertensos.Métodos: Indivíduos com idade acima de 60 anos foram divididos em um grupo controle (GC), sem comorbidades cardiovasculares, e um grupo de hipertensos (HAS). Foram avaliadas as funções sistólica e diastólica (Doppler convencional e tecidual) do ventrículo esquerdo e obtidos os volumes do átrio esquerdo e massa ventricular. Resultados: Foram analisados 56 indivíduos (idade de 70,1 ± 6,6 anos), sendo 23 (41,1%) do GC e 33 (58,9%) do HAS. Os achados ecocardiográficos estruturais foram semelhantes entre os grupos, exceto para hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, mais frequente no HAS (34,4% versus 4,8%; p=0,017). A análise do Doppler tecidual não revelou diferenças entre os grupos (e’ septal: 8,0 ± 1,5 versus 7,2 ± 1,9cm/s; p=0,08 e e’ lateral: 9,8 ± 2,2 versus 8,7 ± 2,0cm/s; p=0,07, respectivamente para o GC e HAS). No HAS observou-se tempo de desaceleração da onda E (TD) mais prolongado (253 ± 62 versus 208 ± 36 ms no GC; p=0,003). Conclusão: Na análise da função diastólica em idosos, o Doppler tecidual não foi capaz de discriminar de forma acurada, indivíduos hipertensos, com maior potencial para a ocorrência de disfunção diastólica, de indivíduos não hipertensos. O TD revelou-se um parâmetro a ser valorizado nesta população.

Background: Tissue Doppler imaging is a technique that complements the analysis of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. Some factors may influence these parameters, however the true influence of age on Tissue Doppler velocities remains unclear. Objective: To compare the indices of diastolic function derived from tissue Doppler imaging in hypertensive and non-hypertensive elderly individuals. Methods: Subjects aged over 60 years, divided into two groups were studied: a control group (GC) without cardiovascular comorbidities and a hypertensive group (HAS). Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function (conventional and tissue Doppler) was assessed, and measurements of left atrial volumes and LV mass were obtained. Results: The group consisted of 56 subjects (70.1 ± 6.6 years), 23 (41.1%) in the GC and 33 (58.9%) in the HAS. Except for LV hypertrophy, more frequent in the HAS group compared to HG (34.4% versus 4.8% respectively; p=0.017), all structural echocardiographic findings were similar. Tissue Doppler analysis revealed no differences between the groups (septal e’: 8.0 ± 1.5 vs. 7.2 ± 1.9 cm/s; p=0.083 and lateral e’: 9.8 ± 2.2 versus 8.7 ± 2.0 cm/s; p=0.074, respectively, for GC and HAS). A longer E-wave deceleration time was observed for HAS group (253 ± 62 versus 208 ± 36 ms in GC; p=0.003).Conclusion: In the analysis of diastolic function in elderly, tissue Doppler imaging was not able to discriminate hypertensive individuals, with the greatest potential for the occurrence of diastolic dysfunction, to the non-hypertensive individuals.The E-wave deceleration time proved to be a valuable parameter in this population.

Fundamento: El Doppler tisular es una técnica que complementa el análisis de la función diastólica del ventrículo izquierdo. Mientras tanto, algunos factores pueden influenciar sus medidas, entre estos la edad, cuya contribución no está adecuadamente aclarada. Objetivo: Comparar el comportamiento de los índices de función diastólica derivados del Doppler tisular en individuos añosos hipertensos y no hipertensos. Métodos: Individuos con edad encima de 60 años fueron divididos en un grupo control (GC), sin comorbilidades cardiovasculares, y un grupo de hipertensos (HAS). Fueron evaluadas las funciones sistólica y diastólica (Doppler convencional y tisular) del ventrículo izquierdo y obtenidos los volúmenes del atrio izquierdo y de la masa ventricular. Resultados: Fueron analizados 56 individuos (edad de 70,1 ± 6,6 años), siendo 23 (41,1%) del GC y 33 (58,9%) del HAS. Los hallazgos ecocardiográficos estructurales fueron semejantes entre los grupos, excepto para hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, más frecuente en el HAS (34,4% versus 4,8%; p = 0,017). El análisis del Doppler tisular no reveló diferencias entre los grupos (e' septal: 8,0 ± 1,5 versus 7,2 ± 1,9 cm/s; p = 0,08 y e' lateral: 9,8 ± 2,2 versus 8,7 ± 2,0 cm/s; p = 0,07, respectivamente para el GC y HAS). En la HAS, se observó tiempo de desaceleración de la onda E (TD) más prolongado (253 ± 62 versus 208 ± 36 ms en el GC; p = 0,003). Conclusión: En el análisis de la función diastólica en añosos, el Doppler tisular no fue capaz de discriminar, de forma precisa, individuos hipertensos, con mayor potencial para la ocurrencia de disfunción diastólica, de individuos no hipertensos. El TD se reveló un parámetro a ser valorizado en esta población. (Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc. 2014;27(3):184-190)

Impacto do fentanil associado ao midazolam na sedação para ecocardiograma transesofágico / Impact of fentanyl associated with midazolam in sedation for transesophageal echocardiography / Impacto del Fentanil Asociado al Midazolam en la Sedación para Ecocardiograma Transesofágico

Introdução: O ecocardiograma transesofágico é atualmente uma das principais ferramentas no diagnóstico de diversas alterações cardíacas. Para uma maior segurança e conforto na sua realização, o exame tem sido realizado sob sedação consciente moderada, sendo os benzodiazepínicos os agentes de escolha. Nessa classe de medicamentos, o midazolam é o mais utilizado, todavia não está isento de possíveis complicações relacionadas ao seu uso, como hipóxia, hipotensão, entre outras. Sabemos que grau de sedação é dose-dependente, portanto, quanto menor a dose utilizada, será menor o risco de complicações do procedimento.Objetivo: Verificar o impacto do uso do fentanil na administração endovenosa de midazolam, no intuito de avaliar eficiência de protocolo de sedação de pacientes submetidos a ecocardiograma transesofágico, utilizando ambos os medicamentos. Metodologia: : Estudamos 201 pacientes (idade média de 51,5 anos, 115 homens) submetidos a ecocardiograma transesofágico, com sedação por via endovenosa divididos em dois grupos: Grupo A (n = 89), seguindo protocolo definido com uso de fentanil associado ao midazolam; e Grupo B (n = 112), sem o emprego de fentanil. Comparou-se então a dosagem de midazolam administrada em ambos os grupos. Monitorização adequada dos sinais vitais foi realizada durante todo o procedimento. Resultados: A dose média de midazolam utilizada foide 2,6 ± 1,4 mg no Grupo A e de 4,0 ± 2,7 mg no Grupo B (p < 0,01). A dose de fentanil empregada foi de 66,2 ± 24,8 mcg. Não houve diferença significativa entre idade (p = 0,08) e gênero (p > 0,1) nos grupos estudados. Conclusão: O uso de fentanil na sedação para realização de ecocardiograma transesofágico associado à administração de midazolam permite a administração de uma dose menor desse benzodiazepínico.

Introduction: Transesophageal echocardiography is currently one of the main tools in the diagnosis of various cardiac abnormalities. For greater safety and comfort, the test has been performed under moderate conscious sedation and benzodiazepines were the agents of choice. In this class of drugs, midazolam is the most commonly used, however it is not free of potential complications related to its use, such as hypoxia, hypotension, among others. We know that sedation level is dose-dependent. Therefore, the lower the dose, the lower the risk of complications from the procedure.Objective: To check the impact of fentanyl in the intravenous administration of midazolam in order to assess the sedation protocol efficiency on patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography using both drugs.Methodology: We have studied 201 patients (mean age 51.5 years, 115 men) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography with intravenous sedation divided into two groups: Group A (n = 89), following the protocol with fentanyl associated with midazolam; and Group B (n = 112) without the use of fentanyl. The dose of midazolam administered in both groups was then compared. Proper monitoring of vital signs was performed throughout the procedure.Results: The mean dose of midazolam used was 2.6 ± 1.4 mg in Group A and 4.0 ± 2.7 mg in Group B (p < 0.01). The dose of fentanyl used was 66.2 ± 24.8 mcg. There was no significant difference between age (p = 0.08) and gender (p > 0.1) in the groups studied. Conclusion: The use of fentanyl in sedation for transesophageal echocardiography associated with administration of midazolam allows the administration of a lower dose of this benzodiazepine.

Introducción: El ecocardiograma transesofágico es actualmente una de las principales herramientas en el diagnóstico de diversas alteraciones cardíacas. Para una mayor seguridad y confort en su realización, el examen ha sido realizado bajo sedación conciente moderada, siendo los benzodiazepínicos los agentes de elección. En esa clase de medicamentos, el midazolam es el más utilizado, sin embargo no está exento de posibles complicaciones relacionadas a su uso, como hipoxia, hipotensión, entre otras. Sabemos que grado de sedación es dosis-dependiente, por lo tanto, cuanto menor es la dosis utilizada, será menor el riesgo de complicaciones del procedimiento.Objetivo: Verificar el impacto del uso del fentanil en la administración endovenosa de midazolam, con el propósito de evaluar eficiencia de protocolo de sedación de pacientes sometidos a ecocardiograma transesofágico, utilizando ambos medicamentos.Metodología: Estudiamos 201 pacientes (edad media de 51,5 anos, 115 hombres) sometidos a ecocardiograma transesofágico, con sedación por vía endovenosa divididos en dos grupos: Grupo A (n = 89), siguiendo protocolo definido con uso de fentanil asociado al midazolam; y Grupo B (n = 112), sin el empleo de fentanil. Se comparó entonces el dosaje de midazolam administrada en ambos grupos. Monitoreo adecuado de los signos vitales fue realizada durante todo el procedimiento. Resultados: La dosis media de midazolam utilizada fue de 2,6 ± 1,4 mg en el Grupo A y de 4,0 ± 2,7 mg en el Grupo B (p < 0,01). La dosis de fentanil empleada fue de 66,2 ± 24,8 mcg. No hubo diferencia significativa entre edad (p = 0,08) y género (p > 0,1) en los grupos estudiados. Conclusión: El uso de fentanil en la sedación para realización de ecocardiograma transesofágico asociado a la administración de midazolam permite la administración de una dosis menor de ese benzodiazepínico

Assessing prognosis of pulmonary embolism using tissue-Doppler echocardiography and brain natriuretic peptide.

OBJECTIVE: To assess prognosis of pulmonary thromboembolism using tissue Doppler echocardiography and brain natriuretic peptide. METHODS: Patients aged over 18 years were evaluated within 24 hours of confirmed diagnosis (chest tomography/pulmonary scintigraphy) of pulmonary embolism using two-dimensional echocardiography and tissue Doppler for right ventricular systolic (s') velocities, strain, tissue tracking and myocardial performance index. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide was also obtained within 24 hour. The influence of echocardiographic and clinical variables on mortality was examined (up to 12 months) using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Out of 118 patients, 100 patients were included in the study (60 males, aged 55±17 years). Right ventricular dysfunction was observed in 28% using two-dimensional echocardiography. Tissue Doppler right ventricular variables (s' velocities, tissue tracking and strain) were decreased only for patients with right ventricular dysfunction, whereas myocardial performance index and systolic pulmonary artery pressure were increased. Mean brain natriuretic peptide value was 66±111pg/mL, also increased in patients with right ventricular dysfunction (136±146pg/mL). Mortality was 11% and related to age, malignancy and brain natriuretic peptide levels. The only echocardiographic variables capable of predicting events by univariate analysis were pulmonary pressure and right ventricular s' velocity. However, multivariate analysis showed only malignancy to predict mortality in this group. CONCLUSION: Lower tissue Doppler systolic velocities and elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels are associated with poorer prognosis in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism; but only malignancy emerged as an independent predictor of mortality.

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus: case report.

We present a rare case of probable caseous calcification of the mitral. This pathology is more frequently detected in asymptomatic women older than 70 years. To recognize this image is important because echocardiography is the easiest way to elucidate this diagnosis, and more importantly because this structure could be easily misdiagnosed as tumors, thrombus and vegetations, which are much more common. Normally, it has a benign evolution, and the correct diagnosis is crucial to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.

Avaliação prognóstica do tromboembolismo pulmonar por ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual e peptídeo atrial natriurético tipo B / Assessing prognosis of pulmonary embolism using tissue-Doppler echocardiography and brain natriuretic peptide

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o prognóstico do tromboembolismo pulmonar usando o ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual e o peptídeo atrial natriurético. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos foram avaliados pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional e Doppler tecidual para medidas das velocidades miocárdicas (s'), strain e índice de performance miocárdica do ventrículo direito até 24 horas da confirmação diagnóstica do tromboembolismo pulmonar (tomografia/ cintilografia), sendo também o peptídeo atrial natriurético obtido até 24 horas. A influência das variáveis na mortalidade até 1 ano foi testada pela regressão de Cox. RESULTADOS: Dos 118 pacientes estudados, 100 foram incluídos, sendo 60 homens, com idade de 55±17 anos. Pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional, 28% dos pacientes apresentavam disfunção do ventrículo direito. As medidas da onda s', strain e deslocamento estiveram diminuídas para tais pacientes, que apresentavam, ainda, índice de performance miocárdica e pressão sistólica pulmonar aumentados. O peptídeo atrial natriurético médio foi de 66±111pg/mL, sendo 136±146pg/mL para pacientes com disfunção do ventrículo direito. A mortalidade foi 11% e pela análise univariada, relacionada à idade, neoplasia e peptídeo atrial natriurético. Entre as variáveis ecocardiográficas, somente a onda s' do Doppler tecidual e a pressão pulmonar associaram-se à maior mortalidade. Pela análise multivariada, entretanto, a presença de neoplasia foi o único preditor de óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Velocidades miocárdicas diminuídas e peptídeo atrial natriurético elevado estão associados a pior prognóstico em pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar, mas, nessa população, somente a presença de neoplasia foi capaz de predizer a mortalidade de maneira independente.

OBJECTIVE: To assess prognosis of pulmonary thromboembolism using tissue Doppler echocardiography and brain natriuretic peptide. METHODS: Patients aged over 18 years were evaluated within 24 hours of confirmed diagnosis (chest tomography/pulmonary scintigraphy) of pulmonary embolism using two-dimensional echocardiography and tissue Doppler for right ventricular systolic (s') velocities, strain, tissue tracking and myocardial performance index. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide was also obtained within 24 hour. The influence of echocardiographic and clinical variables on mortality was examined (up to 12 months) using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Out of 118 patients, 100 patients were included in the study (60 males, aged 55±17 years). Right ventricular dysfunction was observed in 28% using two-dimensional echocardiography. Tissue Doppler right ventricular variables (s' velocities, tissue tracking and strain) were decreased only for patients with right ventricular dysfunction, whereas myocardial performance index and systolic pulmonary artery pressure were increased. Mean brain natriuretic peptide value was 66±111pg/mL, also increased in patients with right ventricular dysfunction (136±146pg/mL). Mortality was 11% and related to age, malignancy and brain natriuretic peptide levels. The only echocardiographic variables capable of predicting events by univariate analysis were pulmonary pressure and right ventricular s' velocity. However, multivariate analysis showed only malignancy to predict mortality in this group. CONCLUSION: Lower tissue Doppler systolic velocities and elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels are associated with poorer prognosis in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism; but only malignancy emerged as an independent predictor of mortality.

Calcificação caseosa do anel mitral: relato de caso / Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus: case report

Relatamos um caso raro de provável calcificação caseosa do anel mitral. Essa patologia é mais frequentemente encontrada em mulheres assintomáticas e com idade acima de 70 anos. O reconhecimento dessa imagem é importante, primeiramente devido à ecocardiografia ser a forma mais fácil para elucidação diagnóstica e também por ela ser comumente confundida com outras massas, como tumores, trombos e vegetações, entidades mais comuns. Habitualmente, apresenta evolução benigna e seu correto diagnóstico é fundamental para evitar intervenções cirúrgicas desnecessárias.

We present a rare case of probable caseous calcification of the mitral. This pathology is more frequently detected in asymptomatic women older than 70 years. To recognize this image is important because echocardiography is the easiest way to elucidate this diagnosis, and more importantly because this structure could be easily misdiagnosed as tumors, thrombus and vegetations, which are much more common. Normally, it has a benign evolution, and the correct diagnosis is crucial to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.

Estudo piloto com Eco 3D das modificações geométricas do VE após infarto do miocárdio / 3D Echo pilot study of geometric Left Ventricular changes after acute myocardial infarction

FUNDAMENTO: Remodelamento ventricular esquerdo (RVE) após IAM caracteriza fator de mau prognóstico. Há pouca informação na literatura sobre o RVE analisado com ecocardiografia tridimensional (ECO 3D) OBJETIVO: Analisar com ECO 3D as modificações geométricas e volumétricas do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) seis meses após IAM em pacientes submetidos a tratamento primário percutâneo. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com ECO 3D de 21 indivíduos (16 homens, 56 ± 12 anos), acometidos por IAM com elevação do segmento ST. Foi feita a análise morfofuncional (VE) com ECO 3D (volumes, FEVE, índice de esfericidade 3D) até sete dias e seis meses após o IAM. RVE foi considerado para aumento > 15% do volume diastólico final do VE (VDFVE) após seis meses do IAM, comparado ao VDFVE até sete dias do evento. RESULTADOS: Oito (38%) pacientes apresentaram RVE. Medidas ecocardiográficas (n = 21 pacientes): I- até sete dias do IAM: 1- VDFVE: 92,3 ± 22,3 mL; 2- FEVE: 0,51 ± 0,01; 3- índice de esfericidade: 0,38 ± 0,05; II- após seis meses: 1- VDFVE: 107,3 ± 26,8 mL; 2- FEVE: 0,59 ± 0,01; 3- índice de esfericidade: 0,31 ± 0,05. Coeficiente de correlação (r) entre índice de esfericidade até sete dias do IAM e VDFVE aos seis meses (n = 8) após o IAM: r: 0,74, p = 0,0007; (r) entre índice de esfericidade após seis meses do IAM e VDFVE aos seis meses do IAM: r: 0,85, p < 0,0001. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta série, foi observado RVE em 38% dos pacientes seis meses após IAM. O índice de esfericidade tridimensional foi associado à ocorrência de RVE.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular remodeling (LVR) after AMI characterizes a factor of poor prognosis. There is little information in the literature on the LVR analyzed with three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO). OBJECTIVE: To analyze, with 3D ECHO, the geometric and volumetric modifications of the left ventricle (VE) six months after AMI in patients subjected to percutaneous primary treatment. METHODS: Prospective study with 3D ECHO of 21 subjects (16 men, 56 ± 12 years-old), affected by AMI with ST segment elevation. The morphological and functional analysis (LV) with 3D ECHO (volumes, LVEF, 3D sphericity index) was carried out up to seven days and six months after the AMI. The LVR was considered for increase > 15% of the end diastolic volume of the LV (LVEDV) six months after the AMI, compared to the LVEDV up to seven days from the event. RESULTS: Eight (38%) patients have presented LVR. Echocardiographic measurements (n = 21 patients): I- up to seven days after the AMI: 1- LVEDV: 92.3 ± 22.3 mL; 2- LVEF: 0.51 ± 0.01; 3- sphericity index: 0.38 ± 0.05; II- after six months: 1- LVEDV: 107.3 ± 26.8 mL; 2- LVEF: 0.59 ± 0.01; 3- sphericity index: 0.31 ± 0.05. Correlation coefficient (r) between the sphericity index up to seven days after the AMI and the LVEDV at six months (n = 8) after the AMI: r: 0.74, p = 0.0007; (r) between the sphericity index six months after the AMI and the LVEDV at six months after the AMI: r: 0.85, p < 0.0001. CONCLUSION: In this series, LVR has been observed in 38% of the patients six months after the AMI. The three-dimensional sphericity index has been associated to the occurrence of LVR.

3D Echo pilot study of geometric left ventricular changes after acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular remodeling (LVR) after AMI characterizes a factor of poor prognosis. There is little information in the literature on the LVR analyzed with three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO). OBJECTIVE: To analyze, with 3D ECHO, the geometric and volumetric modifications of the left ventricle (VE) six months after AMI in patients subjected to percutaneous primary treatment. METHODS: Prospective study with 3D ECHO of 21 subjects (16 men, 56 ± 12 years-old), affected by AMI with ST segment elevation. The morphological and functional analysis (LV) with 3D ECHO (volumes, LVEF, 3D sphericity index) was carried out up to seven days and six months after the AMI. The LVR was considered for increase > 15% of the end diastolic volume of the LV (LVEDV) six months after the AMI, compared to the LVEDV up to seven days from the event. RESULTS: Eight (38%) patients have presented LVR. Echocardiographic measurements (n = 21 patients): I- up to seven days after the AMI: 1- LVEDV: 92.3 ± 22.3 mL; 2- LVEF: 0.51 ± 0.01; 3- sphericity index: 0.38 ± 0.05; II- after six months: 1- LVEDV: 107.3 ± 26.8 mL; 2- LVEF: 0.59 ± 0.01; 3- sphericity index: 0.31 ± 0.05. Correlation coefficient (r) between the sphericity index up to seven days after the AMI and the LVEDV at six months (n = 8) after the AMI: r: 0.74, p = 0.0007; (r) between the sphericity index six months after the AMI and the LVEDV at six months after the AMI: r: 0.85, p < 0.0001. CONCLUSION: In this series, LVR has been observed in 38% of the patients six months after the AMI. The three-dimensional sphericity index has been associated to the occurrence of LVR.

Avaliação do volume de ejeção ventricular esquerda pelo ecocardiograma tridimensional colorido / Stroke volume assessment by means of color three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction

Fundamentos: O ecocardiograma tem-se mostrado uma importante ferramenta de avaliação do volume de ejeção ventricular esquerdo (VE) e do débito cardíaco. O mapeamento colorido tridimensional tem-se mostrado promissor na avaliação do fluxo sanguíneo, por meio da via de saída do VE, o que poderia ser utilizado para avaliação do volume de ejeção. No entanto, sua correlação com outras metodologias ecocardiográficas ainda não foi estudada. Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre as medidas do volume de ejeção do VE, obtidos por mapeamento colorido tridimensional, variação volumétrica tridimensional, fórmula de Teichholz, regra de Simpson e por estimativa Doppler. Métodos: Trinta e cinco indivíduos foram, inicialmente, convidados para participar do estudo, os quais foram submetidos a ecocardiograma bidimensional e tridimensional para avaliação do volume sistólico, débito cardíaco e índice cardíaco. As metodologias empregadas para avaliação dessas variáveis foram: Regra de Simpson, Teichholz, estimativa Doppler, variação volumétrica tridimensiona le mapeamento colorido tridimensional da via de saída do VE. Resultados: Vinte e nove indivíduos (13 homens, idade 51,9 anos ± 14) fizeram parte da amostra final. Foi observada diferença significativa entre o volume de ejeção entre o método de Teichholz e os demaismétodos (P < 0,01). Houve correlação linear significativa entre as medidas do volume de ejeção pelo mapeamento colorido tridimensional e a medida pelo Doppler (r= 0,83), regra de Simpson (r= 0,87) e variação volumétrica tridimensional (r= 0,93), P < 0,01 para todos. Conclusão: O volume de ejeção avaliado pelo mapeamento colorido tridimensional, da via de saída do VE, apresentou correlação significativa com os métodos de Simpson, estimativa Doppler e variação volumétrica tridimensional.

Background: The Two-dimensional echocardiogram has been considered an important tool to evaluate left ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output. Likewise, several studies have reported promising results with Color Real-time Three-dimensional echocardiogram to study the blood fl ow through left ventricular outlet, which could also be used to analyze left ventricular stroke volume. However, itscorrelation with other echocardiographic technologies has never been studied. Objectives: We sought to evaluate the agreement between left ventricular stroke volume obtained by Color Real-Time Three-dimensional Echocardiography, three-dimensional volumetric variation, Teichholz’s and Simpson’s rules and Doppler estimation. Methods: Thirty five individuals were initially invited to the study. All in-dividuals underwent two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiogram in order to evaluate left ventricular stroke volume, cardiac output and cardiac output index using Color Real-Time Three-dimensional Echocardiography, three-dimensional volumetric variation, Teichholz and Simpson rules and Doppler estimation. Results: 29 subjects (13 men, 51.9y ± 14) comprised the final sample. We found a significant difference between the stroke volume obtained with Teichhoz and the other methods. (P < 0.01). There was a significant linear correlation between stroke volume obtained with Color Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography and Doppler estimation (r= 0.83), Simpson rule (0.87) and Three-dimensional left ventricular volumetric variation (r= 0.93), P < 0.01 for all. Conclusion: We found a significant correlation between the left ventricular stroke volume obtained with Color Real-Time Three-Dimensional echo, Simpson’s Rule, Doppler Estimation and Three-dimensional volumetric variation of left ventricle.

Ventricular arrhythmia in incident kidney transplant recipients: prevalence and associated factors.

Cardiovascular mortality in kidney transplant recipients has shown to be substantially elevated particularly in the first year of transplantation. Complex ventricular arrhythmia (VA) has been pointed as one of the etiologies of sudden death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of VA and to investigate the factors associated with their occurrence in incident kidney transplant recipients. A total of 100 incident kidney transplant recipients were included in the study (39.7 ± 10.1 years, 55% male, 43.6 ± 10.1 days of transplantation, 66% living donors). All the patients underwent 24 h electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and multi-slice computed tomography. Thirty percent of the patients had VA. Left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 57% of the patients while heart failure was found in 5%. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) was observed in 26 patients, from which 31% had severe calcification. The group of patients with VA was predominantly male, had been on dialysis therapy for a longer time and had more coronary calcification. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, male gender and CAC score were independently associated with the presence of VA. In conclusion, kidney transplant recipients exhibited a high prevalence of VA and the factors associated with its occurrence were the male gender and the presence of CAC.

Avanços em ecocardiografia tridimensional: 2010 / New features in three-dimensional echocardiography: 2010

A ecocardiografia em tempo real representa grande avanço para a análise ecocardiográfica das estruturas cardíacas. Atualmente há a possibilidade da análise estrutural a partir de batimento cardíaco único, o que traz maior realidade anatômica à investigação ultrassonográfica e representa potencial aplicação clínica em pacientes portadores de grande irregularidade de ritmo cardíaco.

Relation between three-dimensional and two-dimensional echocardiography and biochemical analysis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction percutaneously treated / Relação entre a análise bioquímica e ecocardiográfica tridimensional e bidimensional em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST tratados por via percutânea

Objective: The prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction depends on multiple features that can demonstrate myocardial injury degree (such as serum markers of cardiac necrosis), and also on adaptive mechanisms relative to the acute event. The aim of the study was to assess the relation between biochemical and echocardiographic findings from three-dimensional echocardiographic (3D Echo) analysis and echocardiographic two-dimensional (2D Echo) left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction , submitted to primary percutaneous treatment. Methods: A prospective study with 2D Echo and 3D Echo of 23 patients (17 males, mean age of 57 ± 13 years) with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, primarily percutaneously treated (stent). Serum cardiac markers (creatine kinase MB, Troponin I and Myoglobin) and serum brain natriuretic peptide were compared to echocardiographic parameters (volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular dyssynchrony index). The statistical analysis was performed using Pearson?s correlation coefficient, 95% CI, p < 0.05, linear regression equation and Bland & Altman test. Results: Pearsons correlation coefficient (r)relative to 3D left ventricular ejection fraction: 1- brain natriuretic peptide: r: - 0.7427, p < 0.0001; 2- creatine kinase MB: r: - 0.660, p = 0.001. Left ventricular ejection fraction 2D (r) : 1- brain natriuretic peptide: r: - 0.5478, p = 0.001; 2- creatine kinase MB: r: - 0.4800, p < 0.0277. Other associations were not significant. Conclusions: In this series, it was observed better correlation in regard to serum creatine kinase MB , brain natriuretic peptide and 3D Echo left ventricular ejection fraction, when compared to 2D Echo left ventricular ejection fraction.

Objetivo: O prognóstico dos pacientes portadores de infarto agudo do miocárdico depende de múltiplos aspectos que espelhem o grau de agressão ao miocárdio (como marcadores enzimáticos de necrose miocárdica), assim como dos mecanismos de adaptação ao evento agudo. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre os achados bioquímicos e ecocardiográficos derivados da análise ecocardiográfica transtorácica tridimensional (ECO 3D) com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (ECO 2D) em pacientes acometidos por infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, que tenham sido submetidos a tratamento primário percutâneo. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo com Eco 3D e 2D de 23 indivíduos (17 homens, 57 ± 13 anos), acometidos por infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST, primariamente tratados com implante de stent coronariano. Foi feita a dosagem sérica de creatina cinase fração MB, Troponina I, Mioglobina e peptídeo atrial natriurético e comparada com os parâmetros ecocardiográficos (volumes, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e índice de dissincronia ventricular). A análise estatística foi feita com a determinação do coeficiente de correlação (Pearson), IC = 95%, p < 0,05, com teste de regressão linear e teste de Bland & Altman. Resultados: Coeficiente de correlação (r) entre fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo 3D: 1- peptídeo atrial natriurético: r: - 0,7427, p < 0,0001; 2- creatina cinase fração MB: r: -0,660, p = 0,001. fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo 2D (r) : 1- peptídeo atrial natriurético: r: - 0,5478, p = 0,001; 2- creatina cinase fração MB: r: -0,4800, p < 0,0277. As demais associações entre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos e as dosagens séricas não foram significativas. Conclusões: Nesta série, foi observada correlação melhor entre a dosagem sérica de peptídeo atrial natriurético, de creatina cinase fração MB e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo aferida por Eco 3D do que a correlação com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo aferida por Eco 2D.